What it means
It means something feels familiar and gives your memory a little ding, even if you can't fully place it yet. You say it when a name, face, place, or story makes you think hang on, I know that from somewhere, but the details are still hiding in the attic.
Usage examples
"Does the name Thompson ring a bell? Sort of. Was he the bloke from the quiz night? Nah? Right, then I’ve got nothing."
"The name on the email rings a bell, I am sure we shared a halls of residence in Sheffield in two thousand and eight, but I cannot picture the face to save my life, even after three coffees."
"Does the cafe with the red awning on Smith Street ring a bell? I think we ate there after the cinema in twenty-fifteen and the waitress accidentally brought us someone else’s dessert and let us keep it."
"That username rings a bell, mate. I swear they were in the group chat when everything kicked off last summer."
"Ring a bell at all, or am I just rummaging through the attic of your memory for nothing?"
Where it comes from
This idiom has been around in English since the early 1900s. It uses the everyday image of a bell sounding and triggering recognition in your head. From there, ring a bell settled into its modern meaning of sparking a faint memory or a sense that something's familiar.